Bovine papillomavirus: a little-known virus involved in sarcoids and toad disease in horses

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a DNA virus responsible for sarcoids in horses, the most common skin tumors in this species. Although native to cattle, this virus can infect horses and cause persistent and invasive lesions. More recently, it has also been found in cases of toadstool disease affecting the hooves. Among the available treatments, ozone stands out as a natural and effective solution.

History of the discovery of BPV in horses

The link between bovine papillomavirus and equine sarcoids was suggested as early as the 1970s, but it was only with advances in molecular biology in the 1990s that the presence of BPV-1 and BPV-2 viral DNA was confirmed in these skin tumors. Since then, studies have shown that this virus may also be involved in other equine skin conditions, including toadstool disease.

How does BPV infect horses?

BPV is not transmitted directly between horses, but infection occurs through cross-transmission from cattle. The main routes of entry are:

• Direct contact with infected cattle
• Biting insects (flies, horseflies, mosquitoes carrying the virus)
• Skin injuries or abrasions ( which facilitate the entry of the virus into the body)
• Contaminated equipment ( brushes, fences, halters, water troughs)

Once inside the horse's skin, the virus does not spread through the blood , but remains localized in skin cells where it causes uncontrolled cell growth, leading to the appearance of sarcoids.

The consequences of BPV in horses

BPV is implicated in several skin conditions, including:

• Sarcoids : Benign but invasive skin tumors that recur and are difficult to treat.
• Toad disease : A deep-seated condition affecting the feet of horses where BPV has been identified, particularly at the level of the bulbs.

In both cases, these lesions can be chronic and resistant to conventional treatments.

Ozone: a natural solution against sarcoids and toadstool disease

Ozone, in the form of saturated ozonated oil , has proven to be an effective treatment against sarcoids and lesions associated with toadstool disease. Its action is based on several mechanisms:

• Antiviral effect : Ozone neutralizes BPV present in infected tissues.
• Healing and regenerative action: It stimulates cell oxygenation and the production of new healthy cells.
• Powerful antiseptic effect : It eliminates bacteria and fungi often associated with lesions.
• Improved local immune response: It strengthens the horse's natural defenses against the proliferation of abnormal cells.

The combination with a course of magnesium shavings  The application of ozonated oil further enhances the effectiveness of the treatment by improving cellular balance and limiting inflammation.

How to prevent BPV infection?

• Limit contact with cattle
• Controlling biting insects
• Disinfect grooming equipment and facilities
• Treat wounds promptly to prevent the virus from entering the body.

Conclusion

Bovine papillomavirus (BV) is a major contributor to sarcoidosis and canker sore in horses. Although difficult to eradicate, the use of ozone in the form of saturated ozonated oil, combined with magnesium supplementation, represents an effective natural solution for combating this virus and promoting lesion healing. A preventative approach and appropriate treatment help limit the impact of this virus on equine health.